Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Building Harmonious Labor Relations

(March 21, 2015)

People's Daily (April 9, 2015, Page 01)

To fully implement the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, and Fourth Plenary Sessions of the 18th Central Committee, to build harmonious labor relations, promote scientific development, and foster social harmony, we hereby put forward the following guidelines.

I. Fully recognize the significant importance of building harmonious labor relations.

Labor relations are an important component of the relations of production and one of the most fundamental and crucial social relationships. Whether labor relations are harmonious or not directly affects the immediate interests of the vast majority of workers and enterprises, as well as economic development and social stability. Harmony. The Party and the state have always attached great importance to building harmonious labor relations, formulating a series of laws, regulations, and policy measures, and making specific work arrangements. Party committees and governments at all levels have earnestly implemented the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, achieving... Positive results have been achieved, and overall, labor relations across the country have remained harmonious and stable. However, our country is currently undergoing a period of economic and social transformation, during which the actors involved in labor relations and their respective interest demands are becoming increasingly diverse. As a result, conflicts in labor relations have entered a stage of heightened visibility and complexity. During the peak period, labor dispute cases remain persistently high. In some regions, phenomena such as wage arrears to migrant workers—harming the interests of employees—continue to be particularly prominent. Collective work stoppages and mass incidents occur from time to time, making the task of building harmonious labor relations both daunting and demanding.

The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China explicitly proposed building harmonious labor relations. Under new historical conditions, striving to build harmonious labor relations with Chinese characteristics is an important component of strengthening and innovating social governance, as well as safeguarding and improving people's livelihoods. It is... The construction of a harmonious socialist society is an important foundation, a vital guarantee for sustained and healthy economic development, and an inevitable requirement for strengthening the Party’s governing base and consolidating its ruling status. Party committees and governments at all levels must, from the perspective of achieving socialism with Chinese characteristics, ... From the overarching and strategic perspective of achieving new victories in the cause of socialism, we must deeply recognize the profound significance of building harmonious labor relations, earnestly enhance our sense of responsibility and mission, and treat the construction of harmonious labor relations as an urgent task, placing it in an even more prominent position. Take strong measures to ensure solid implementation and effective execution.

II. Guiding Ideology, Working Principles, and Objectives for Building Harmonious Labor Relations

(1) Guiding Ideology. Fully implement the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Party and the Second, Third, and Fourth Plenary Sessions of the 18th Central Committee, guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, “ The Three Represents ” Guided by important thought and the Scientific Outlook on Development, we will thoroughly implement Xi Jinping’s... Carry out the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important speeches, implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, adhere to promoting enterprise development and safeguarding workers’ rights and interests, uphold the proper handling of the relationship among reform, development, and stability, and advance the building of a harmonious labor relationship with Chinese characteristics. The construction and development of the system aim to maximize harmonious factors in labor relations, minimize disharmonious factors, promote sustained, healthy economic development and social harmony and stability, and unite the broad workforce to achieve... “ Two Centennials ” Goal of Struggle Contribute to realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

(2) Principles of Work

—— Uphold a people-centered approach. Take addressing the most pressing, direct, and realistic concerns of the vast majority of workers and effectively safeguarding their fundamental rights and interests as the fundamental starting point and ultimate goal for building harmonious labor relations.

—— Adhere to building according to law. Improve the legal and regulatory framework for labor protection, enhance enterprises’ awareness of lawful employment practices, strengthen workers’ capacity to safeguard their rights in accordance with the law, intensify enforcement supervision of labor protection laws and regulations, and improve mediation of labor disputes. Handle labor relationship conflicts in accordance with the law, and bring the entire process—establishment, operation, supervision, and dispute resolution—of labor relations fully onto a rule-of-law track.

—— Adhere to the principle of joint construction and shared benefits. Coordinate and properly balance promoting enterprise development with safeguarding workers’ rights and interests, mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of both parties in labor relations, and foster collaboration between enterprises and employees through mutual consultation, co-building of mechanisms, co-creation of benefits, and shared gains.

—— Uphold reform and innovation. Starting from China’s basic economic system, comprehensively take into account the characteristics of the public-owned economy, the non-public-owned economy, and the mixed-ownership economy. Continuously explore and grasp the regularities of labor relations under the conditions of a socialist market economy, and actively and steadily promote innovation in the theories, systems, institutions, mechanisms, and methods of labor relations work with Chinese characteristics.

(3) Objectives and Tasks: Strengthen the legal, institutional, systemic, mechanistic, and capacity-building efforts to regulate labor relations, and accelerate the establishment of a sound labor-management system characterized by Party committee leadership, government responsibility, social coordination, participation by enterprises and workers, and rule-of-law guarantees. Establish a working mechanism that integrates source-based governance, dynamic management, and emergency response, thereby promoting more standardized labor practices, ensuring reasonable wage growth for employees, continuously improving working conditions, and effectively safeguarding the safety and health of workers. Obstacles are being removed, social insurance coverage is becoming comprehensive, and humanistic care is steadily being enhanced. This effectively prevents and resolves labor relationship conflicts, fostering labor relations that are standardized and orderly, fair and reasonable, mutually beneficial and win-win, and harmonious and stable.

III. Safeguard workers’ basic rights and interests in accordance with the law.

(4) Effectively safeguard workers’ right to receive their labor remuneration. Improve and implement regulations on wage payment, strengthen the monitoring of wage payments, establish systems for wage deposits and emergency revolving funds for unpaid wages, and explore the establishment of a special fund to guarantee payment of unpaid wages. We will implement a responsibility system for general contractors to ensure timely and full payment of outstanding wages, and we will punish, in accordance with the law, any illegal or criminal acts such as refusal to pay labor remuneration, thereby guaranteeing that workers—especially migrant workers—receive their wages on time and in full. We will strive to achieve equal treatment between migrant workers and urban residents. Employees receive equal pay for equal work.

(5) Effectively safeguard employees’ rights to rest and take vacations. Improve and implement national regulations concerning working hours, national holidays and commemorative days, paid annual leave, and other related matters. Standardize the approval and management procedures for enterprises adopting special working-hour systems, and urge enterprises to arrange employees’ rest and vacation periods in strict accordance with the law. If an enterprise needs to extend employees’ working hours due to production or business requirements, it shall consult with the trade union and employees and pay overtime wages in full accordance with the law. Strengthen the standardization of work quotas and staffing levels, promote the formulation and revision of national and industry standards for work quotas and staffing, and guide enterprises in developing and implementing scientific and reasonable standards for work quotas and staffing, thereby ensuring employees’ right to rest.

(6) Effectively safeguard workers’ rights to occupational safety and health protection. Strengthen law enforcement and supervision in the field of occupational safety and health, urge enterprises to establish and implement sound occupational safety and health responsibility systems, strictly enforce national standards for occupational safety and health protection, increase investment in safe production, intensify training and education on safe production and occupational health, provide working conditions and protective equipment that meet national regulations, and ensure that workers engaged in occupations with occupational hazards receive protection in accordance with national standards. Mandate pre-employment, in-service, and post-employment occupational health examinations; strengthen special labor protections for female workers and underage workers; and minimize the risks of production safety accidents and occupational diseases to the greatest extent possible.

(7) Effectively safeguard workers’ rights to enjoy social insurance and receive vocational skills training. Diligently implement the Social Insurance Law, continue to refine procedures for the transfer and continuation of social insurance relationships, and strive to achieve comprehensive social insurance coverage. Ensure that social insurance rights and benefits are fully covered and effectively implemented for the vast workforce, especially migrant workers and dispatched laborers. Urge enterprises to pay various social insurance premiums for their employees in accordance with the law, and encourage enterprises with the necessary conditions to establish additional social insurance plans for their employees in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and relevant provisions. Supplementary insurance. Guide employees to conscientiously fulfill their legal obligations and actively participate in social insurance. Strengthen vocational skills training for employees, encourage them to pursue academic education and continuing education, and enhance their cultural knowledge and skill levels.

IV. Improve the mechanism for coordinating labor relations

(8) Fully implement the labor contract system. Thoroughly enforce laws and regulations such as the Labor Contract Law, strengthen supervision, guidance, and services for enterprises in implementing the labor contract system, especially in industries with strong seasonal employment patterns and high employee turnover. The industry-promoted model text for simplified labor contracts regulates, in accordance with the law, the establishment, performance, modification, termination, and ending of labor contracts, thereby effectively improving the rate of labor contract signing and the quality of their implementation. Strengthen supervision over labor dispatch services in strict compliance with the law. Standardize the employment practices of non-full-time workers, labor contracting, labor outsourcing, and enterprise layoffs. Provide guidance to enterprises in establishing and improving their labor regulations and rules, thereby enhancing the management level of labor employment. Fully promote the establishment and implementation of a labor employment information reporting and filing system. Add. Strengthen dynamic management of enterprise labor employment.

(9) Promote the system of collective bargaining and collective contracts. Focusing on non-public-owned enterprises, advance wage collective bargaining in accordance with the law, continuously expand coverage, enhance effectiveness, and ensure that the system reflects supply and demand in the human resources market. The wage determination mechanism and the mechanism for normal wage growth that take into account both relational factors and enterprise economic benefits. Improve the wage guideline system, accelerate the establishment of a unified and standardized system for enterprise salary surveys and information disclosure, and provide reference materials for conducting collective wage negotiations. Promote... Enterprises and employees shall engage in collective bargaining on working conditions, work quotas, special protection for female workers, and other related matters, and conclude collective contracts. We will strengthen capacity-building for representatives involved in collective bargaining and enhance the quality of negotiation. Furthermore, we will intensify guidance throughout the collective bargaining process. Urge enterprises and employees to conscientiously fulfill the collective contract.

(10) Improve the tripartite mechanism for coordinating labor relations. Enhance the organizational framework of the tripartite mechanism for coordinating labor relations, and establish and refine a system in which the human resources and social security department works together with trade unions and enterprise associations, chambers of commerce and industry, and other business organizations. The tripartite mechanism composed of industry representatives shall, based on actual needs, promote the establishment of tripartite mechanisms in industrial parks, townships (subdistricts), and industrial sectors. We will strengthen and innovate the organizational development of the tripartite mechanism and establish and improve the tripartite committee for coordinating labor relations. The committee will be chaired by a leader from the same-level government. We will enhance the functions of the tripartite mechanism, improve working systems, and fully leverage the important role played by representatives from the government, trade unions, and enterprises in jointly studying and resolving major issues related to labor relations.

V. Strengthen the development of enterprise democratic management systems.

(11) Improve the enterprise democratic management system. Enhance the enterprise democratic management system, with the workers’ congress as its fundamental form; enrich the forms of workers’ democratic participation; unblock channels for workers’ democratic involvement; and legally safeguard workers’ rights and interests. the rights to information, participation, expression, and oversight. Promote the widespread establishment of workers’ congresses within enterprises, earnestly implement the powers and responsibilities of these congresses, and fully leverage their role in major decision-making processes concerning enterprise development as well as matters directly affecting workers’ interests. play an important role in major matters such as benefit-sharing. For enterprises of different ownership structures, explore forms, powers, and functions of workers’ congresses that are tailored to their respective characteristics. In areas where small and medium-sized enterprises are concentrated, regional and industry-specific workers’ congresses can be established. General Assembly.

(12) Promote the institutionalization and standardization of factory transparency. Further increase the rate of establishing factory transparency systems, strengthen factory transparency during the restructuring and reorganization of state-owned enterprises, and actively and steadily advance the development of factory transparency systems in non-public enterprises. Improve transparency procedures, enrich the content disclosed, innovate disclosure methods, and explore and implement various forms of transparency, such as managers’ reception days, labor-management dialogue meetings, and general manager’s mailboxes.

(13) Promote the system of employee directors and employee supervisors. In accordance with the Company Law, establish a system of employee directors and employee supervisors in corporate enterprises. Standardize, in accordance with the law, the rules governing the performance of duties by employee directors and employee supervisors. When the board of directors and the supervisory board deliberate and make decisions on major company matters, employee directors and employee supervisors shall fully express their views, reflect the legitimate demands of employees, and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of both employees and the company.

6. Improve the mechanism for resolving labor relationship conflicts.

(14) Improve the labor security supervision and inspection system. Fully promote grid-based and networked management of labor security supervision and inspection, shifting enforcement from reactive measures to proactive prevention and integrated urban-rural oversight. Innovate supervision and enforcement methods and standardize enforcement practices. Behaviorally, further streamline channels for reporting and lodging complaints, expand the coverage of routine inspections and document reviews, and strengthen targeted rectifications addressing prominent issues. Establish and improve a mechanism for early warning and prevention of illegal activities, and refine comprehensive governance and oversight involving multiple departments. Strengthen the coordination mechanism between law enforcement and criminal justice, intensify efforts to investigate and prosecute illegal employment practices—especially major and high-profile cases—and severely crack down on illegal and criminal activities such as employing child labor, forced labor, and refusing to pay wages. Enhance the integrity assessment system for labor protection. Establish a pricing system and build and improve corporate integrity files.

(15) Improve the mediation and arbitration mechanisms for labor disputes. Adhere to the working principles of prevention first, grassroots orientation, and mediation as the primary approach; strengthen the building of enterprise labor dispute mediation committees and promote the widespread establishment of internal mechanisms in all types of enterprises. Labor dispute consultation and mediation mechanism. Vigorously promote the establishment of labor dispute mediation organizations at the township (subdistrict) and village (community) levels in accordance with the law, and support trade unions and chambers of commerce (associations) in setting up industry-specific and regionally-based labor dispute mediation organizations in compliance with the law. Improve... The labor dispute mediation system will significantly strengthen professional labor dispute mediation efforts, improve the coordinated working system involving people's mediation, administrative mediation, arbitration mediation, and judicial mediation, and fully leverage the fundamental role of consultation and mediation in resolving labor disputes. Foundational role. Improve the arbitration system for labor and personnel disputes, standardize case-handling procedures, intensify supervision and inspection of arbitration cases, further enhance arbitration efficiency and case quality, and promote the timely conclusion of arbitration cases. Strengthen the coordination and collaboration between arbitration and judicial review. We will actively explore the establishment of new rules and systems that effectively link litigation and arbitration procedures and ensure consistent standards for adjudication and arbitration. We will also streamline channels for legal aid, providing timely and lawful legal assistance to eligible employees, thereby genuinely safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the parties involved. Rights and interests. Relying on the tripartite mechanism for coordinating labor relations, we will refine methods for effectively mediating and resolving disputes arising from collective bargaining, as well as handling collective work stoppages.

(16) Improve the mechanisms for preventing and responding to collective labor disputes. Strengthen analysis and assessment of the labor relations situation, and establish a regular screening and dynamic monitoring and early-warning system for collective labor disputes. Timely identify and proactively address emerging and trending issues in the field of labor relations, effectively preventing mass incidents. Improve emergency response plans, clearly defining tiered response mechanisms, handling procedures, and specific measures. Strengthen the system under the leadership of Party committees, with governments taking primary responsibility. Responsibility: A coordinated emergency response mechanism involving joint participation by relevant authorities, trade unions, and enterprise representatives, which fosters synergy in rapid response and handling efforts. This mechanism also urges and guides enterprises to fulfill their primary responsibilities and promptly and properly address mass incidents. item.

7. Foster a favorable environment for building harmonious labor relations.

(17) Strengthen education and guidance for employees. Intensify ideological and political education among the broad workforce, guiding employees to establish a correct worldview, outlook on life, and values; pursue noble professional ideals; and cultivate good work ethics. Uphold professional ethics, enhance a sense of responsibility, identification, and belonging toward the enterprise; love your job and dedicate yourself to it, abide by discipline, act with honesty and integrity, and conscientiously fulfill your labor obligations. Strengthen publicity efforts regarding relevant laws, regulations, and policies, and strive to address the immediate interests and concerns of employees. While addressing the issue, guide employees to properly handle adjustments in social interest relationships, reasonably set expectations for demands such as wage increases, and express their interests and resolve conflicts in a rational and lawful manner, thereby safeguarding their own rights and interests.

(18) Strengthen humanistic care for employees. Cultivate a distinctive corporate ethos and a healthy, positive corporate culture, thereby creating a shared spiritual home for employees. Pay close attention to employees’ spiritual needs and mental health, and provide timely support. Understand and grasp the ideological trends among employees, carry out targeted ideological guidance and psychological counseling, and establish a psychological crisis intervention and early-warning mechanism. Strengthen the construction of cultural, sports, and recreational facilities within enterprises, and actively organize employees to participate in engaging, enjoyable, and diverse activities. Cultural and sports activities add color to employees’ lives, enriching their cultural experiences. They also broaden employees’ development opportunities and expand their career advancement prospects.

(19) Educate and guide business operators to actively fulfill their social responsibilities. Strengthen ideological and political education among business operators, guiding them to practice the core socialist values and firmly establish a sense of patriotism, dedication, and integrity. Comply with the law and demonstrate a spirit of dedication, earnestly fulfilling our social responsibilities to serve the country, contribute to society, and benefit employees. Educate and guide business operators to consciously care for and cherish their employees, strive to improve their working, learning, and living conditions, and provide them with assistance. Addressing concerns and alleviating difficulties by stepping up support for employees facing hardships. Establishing a corporate social responsibility standards and evaluation system that aligns with China’s national conditions, thereby fostering an environment that encourages enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities. Strengthening oversight of business operators, especially those running small and medium-sized enterprises. Provide legal and regulatory education and training for enterprise management personnel on labor protection, enhance their awareness of employing workers in accordance with the law, and guide them to consciously safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of their employees.

(20) Optimize the business development environment. Strengthen and improve government management and services, reduce and standardize administrative approval procedures involving enterprises, enhance the efficiency of approval processes, and stimulate the creative vitality of market entities. Increase support for medium-sized enterprises... Strengthen policy support for small businesses, especially by ensuring the effective implementation of various policies aimed at fostering the development of micro and small enterprises, thereby further alleviating the burden on these businesses. Enhance technical support and guide enterprises to proactively undergo transformation and upgrading, relying closely on scientific and technological progress and their employees. Enhance quality and promote management innovation to continuously boost competitiveness. By fostering enterprise development, we will create the material conditions necessary for building harmonious labor relations.

(21) Strengthen the rule-of-law safeguards for building harmonious labor relations. Further refine the supporting regulations for laws such as the Labor Law, the Labor Contract Law, the Law on Mediation and Arbitration of Labor Disputes, the Social Insurance Law, and the Law on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases. Regulations and policies should accelerate the refinement of systems related to basic labor standards, collective bargaining and collective contracts, enterprise wages, labor protection supervision, democratic management in enterprises, and the tripartite mechanism for coordinating labor relations, thereby gradually improving the labor protection law. Legal and regulatory system. Deeply carry out publicity and education on laws and regulations, strengthen administrative law enforcement and legal supervision, and promote the effective implementation of various labor protection laws and regulations.

8. Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination.

(22) Further strengthen leadership and build synergy. Party committees and governments at all levels should establish and improve leadership and coordination mechanisms for fostering harmonious labor relations, thereby creating a collaborative effort involving the entire society. Party committees at all levels should take charge of... Take a holistic view, steer the overall direction, promptly study and resolve major issues in labor relations, and bring together the strengths of Party and government bodies, mass organizations, enterprises, and society. Fully leverage the supervisory role of the National People's Congress and the democratic oversight function of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Governments at all levels... Building harmonious labor relations should be incorporated into local economic and social development plans as well as the government’s performance assessment system, ensuring that governments earnestly assume their responsibilities of formulating policies, making arrangements, and ensuring effective implementation. The minimum wage system should be further improved and fully implemented, while taking into account the foundation of economic development. On this basis, the minimum wage standards should be adjusted reasonably. Human resources and social security departments at all levels, along with other relevant agencies, must fully fulfill their responsibilities and diligently carry out tasks such as investigation and research, policy consultation, overall coordination, guidance and services, inspection and supervision, and enforcement and oversight. Each... Trade unions at all levels should actively reflect the voices of workers and staff, safeguard their rights and interests in accordance with the law, and unite and rally the broad workforce to make contributions and achieve success. Business and industrial federations, enterprise associations, and other enterprise representative organizations at all levels should actively voice the interests and demands of enterprises, in accordance with the law. The law safeguards the rights and interests of enterprises and educates and guides business operators to proactively shoulder social responsibilities.

(23) Strengthen capacity building in labor relations work. Attach great importance to enhancing the capacity of government agencies at all levels in coordinating labor relations, establishing labor security supervision institutions, and building labor and personnel dispute arbitration committees and arbitration tribunals, and ensure that they are adequately staffed with necessary personnel. The workforce. Promote the coordinated development of public service platforms for labor, employment, and social security at the grassroots level, including townships (subdistricts) and villages (communities); refine the functions of grassroots labor relations work; and strengthen grassroots capacity in labor relations coordination and labor dispute mediation. and labor security inspectors. Strengthen business training for personnel working on labor relations to enhance the overall quality of the workforce. Governments at all levels should address existing issues in the establishment and staffing of labor relations agencies by making appropriate adjustments to resource allocation and financial investment. I support and guarantee the smooth implementation of efforts to build harmonious labor relations.

(24) Strengthen the building of Party organizations within enterprises as well as grassroots trade unions, Youth League organizations, and enterprise representative organizations. Intensify Party building work in various types of enterprises, with a particular focus on expanding the organizational and working coverage of the Party among non-public-owned enterprises. Uphold... Party building in enterprises should drive the development of mass organizations, and enterprises of all types should be encouraged—within the bounds of the law—to establish trade unions universally. Further efforts should be made to strengthen youth league building in non-public-owned enterprises. Enterprises’ Party and mass organization bodies should be guided and supported in exploring work approaches and methods that are tailored to their specific characteristics, continuously enhancing their effectiveness. Strengthen the vitality of enterprise Party and mass organizations, and fully leverage their roles in promoting enterprise development, uniting employees and workers, and fostering harmony and stability. Deeply advance the establishment of regional and industry-specific trade union federations, as well as county (city, district), township (subdistrict), and village-level organizations. Strengthen the building of trade union organizations in communities and industrial parks, and improve the organizational system of industry-specific trade unions. Refine the democratic selection mechanism for grassroots trade union chairpersons, explore socialization pathways for grassroots trade union officials, and enhance the mechanisms for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of grassroots trade union officials. degree. Establish and improve a joint conference system between governments at the county level and above and trade unions at the same level, and support trade unions in participating in the coordination of labor relations. Strengthen the building of grassroots enterprise representative organizations, support these organizations in participating in the coordination of labor relations, and fully leverage their role. The enterprise representative organization plays a role in uniting, serving, guiding, and educating enterprise operators.

(25) Deepen the implementation of activities aimed at fostering harmonious labor relations. Treat these activities as a key vehicle for building harmonious labor relations, summarize the experiences gained from these initiatives, and establish and improve mechanisms for setting and assigning responsibilities toward achieving the established goals. Implement a system of accountability, expand the coverage of creation activities among enterprises—especially those that are non-public and small- and medium-sized—and promote the extension of regional creation initiatives from industrial parks to towns (subdistricts) and villages (communities) where enterprises are relatively concentrated. Strive to... Establish a comprehensive and multi-level framework for creation. Enrich the content of creation efforts, standardize creation criteria, improve evaluation methods, and refine incentive measures. In accordance with relevant national regulations, regularly recognize and commend advanced units in creation activities, and focus on enterprises and their management. Integrate the evaluation and recognition of outstanding enterprises with the establishment of harmonious labor relations, continuously promoting the in-depth development of these initiatives. Actively advance the construction of comprehensive pilot zones (cities) for building harmonious labor relations, creating practical models for fostering harmonious labor relations with Chinese characteristics. Test.

(26) Intensify efforts to promote the building of harmonious labor relations. Fully leverage news media and websites to vigorously publicize the significant importance of fostering harmonious labor relations, as well as the Party and government’s guiding principles and policies and the Labor Security Law. The practical achievements and work experience gained in formulating laws and regulations and promoting the building of harmonious labor relations, as well as showcasing exemplary cases of enterprises caring for their employees and employees dedicating themselves to the enterprise—these efforts will help foster a positive public opinion orientation and generate strong public momentum, thereby creating a societal environment in which everyone shares concern. Hearts, support, and participation in fostering a positive atmosphere for building harmonious labor relations.

(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing) 4 Moon 8 Daily News)